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　　We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫學家)Mark Laudenslger, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could mot. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
　　注：1. vulnerable易受傷害的
　　2. immune defense 免疫系統
　　3. found之后是試驗告訴我們的觀點
　　4. depress壓抑，de往下
　　Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
　　注：1. 看第一句三個單詞就知道本段內容和上一段相同。
　　2. passive被動的
　　21. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity ______.
　　A) was strengthened
　　B) was not affected
　　C) was altered
　　D) was weakened
　　注：定位文章第一段found之后
　　22. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ______.
　　A) try to control unpleasant stimuli
　　B) turn off the electricity
　　C) become abnormally suspicious
　　D) behave passively in controllable situations
　　注：定位第二段But之后那句話
　　23. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that ______ .
　　A) they disliked its taste
　　B) it affected their immune systems
　　C) it led to stomach pains
　　D) they associated it with stomachaches
　　22. The first paragraph is mainly about _____.
　　(A) the teenagers’ criticism of their parents
　　(B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents
　　(C) the dominance of the parents over their children
　　(D) the teenagers’ ability to deal with crises
　　注：段落主旨，B和C只說了一部分。
　　It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste.
　　注：1. critical吹毛求疵的，很重要的
　　40. The main idea of this passage is that _____.
　　(A) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities
　　(B) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life
　　(C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago
　　(D) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities
　　Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present, it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities.
　　注：GF對城鄉環境有重要的貢獻。
　　The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.
　　The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you.
　　23. The passage mainly deals with ______.
　　(A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps
　　(B) the survival of desert shrimps
　　(C) the importance of water to life
　　(D) life in the Mojave Desert
　　注：三段出現shrimp，說明本文主要講shrimp，排除C和D，A選項life span沒出現過。